Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Media and propaganda

The strike at California State University, related with supposedly low pay rates of the staff has been secured by various mass correspondence media. The current paper is expected to look at the messages from various sources, investigate and discover journalistic spins and the components of publicity. As the primer outcomes propose, most articles are one-sided, and one of them earnestly encourages Americans to help the action.The first article in the degree, composed by C.Arjentera and distributed in the Monterey County Star places accents and accentuations in a significant abnormal manner. For example, the article above all else depicts the strike: â€Å"The association has reported that a strike, which would be the first for our framework, would be a progression of two-day moving activities that would move from grounds to grounds at some point in April or May. In the long run influencing every one of the 23 †including CSU-Monterey Bay† (Arjentera, 2007, p. 5).Furthermore , the creator gives the analysis and cases of the disappointed employee who expresses that association is probably going to decay after the presentation of the convention of occupation activities. The paper likewise incorporates the nearby authorities, however introducing their perspectives, the article verifiably asserts that the organization is only worried about the disintegration of training quality in the college, which may show up during the strike.The genuine reason for the strike is introduced distinctly toward the finish of the article: â€Å"Faculty and heads concur CSU educators are paid less that peers at practically identical foundations in other states† (Arjentera, 2007, p. 5). As one can comprehend, the writer appears to have remembered the highlights of human discernment (the main passage is destined to be retained) and purposely positioned the negative messages concerning the strike and the apparent poor demonstrable skill toward the start, while the particip ants’ issue are referenced quickly in the finishing up chapter.On the opposite, the article at NBC.com is significantly more nonpartisan and contains neither positive not negative publicity. Its structure can be laid out in the accompanying manner: 1) a brief, yet thorough thought regarding the strike; 2) the genuine degree of the issue (figures); 3) citations of workforce members’ articulations; 4) administration’s see on the issue and the announcement of the requirement for bargain. The article appears to cover changed perspectives hands on activity â€from decidedly energetic to very mindful, in particular, there are genuine individuals, who remain past these messages: â€Å"We don’t comprehend why they believe they can’t make a sensible proposal to us†. †Canton says†; â€Å"Well shouldn't something be said about understudies? How would we make them competitive?How do we ensure the personnel (is) serious? It’s not jus t about administrators†, said San Francisco Sen.Leland Yee† (http://www.nbc11.com/news, 2007). This implies, the authorities are truly mindful of the various sides of the circumstance and focus not simply to the strikers’ showed needs, protected through a level of weight, yet in addition at the conceivable positive results, instead of advancing the cases like ‘If we don’t arrive at accord, the nature of instruction will fall’, suggested in the past paper.The official CSU site portrays the occasion not just as a PR-activity, however as a grandiose occasion: â€Å"John Travis, the leader of the California Faculty Association, called it â€Å"a really memorable day† (Gavios, 2007). As one can comprehend, because of the way that the site page has a place with the college, it should feature the emotional significance of the activity for the staff, as opposed to in more extensive social setting. Therefore, the article depicts the degree of th e strike and its highlights †for example, the writer noticed that the activity is certainly not a conventional strike, as it doesn’t encroach upon the students’ premiums and suggests basically no withdrawal from work, only walkouts and picketing.The understood message in this center is reasonable: the writer attempts to show how the strikers care about their students and how effectively they join their work with the dissent. Moreover, the paper contains no assessments of state authorities and organization, narrowing the concentration to not many endorsers and the chance of the presentation of extra endeavors, if the strike at this stage is vain. Despite the fact that this article contains certain inclinations like moving accents, it can't be delegated publicity, as it basically looks like a position articulation and the degree of help the strikers have received.The last paper I might want to break down is the article by Leland Yee, which contains the components of express purposeful publicity and is acted in amazingly passionate tone, which deduce the senator’s  deep compassion toward the came up short on workers: â€Å"It is no big surprise the personnel at our state colleges are casting a ballot in overpowering numbers to take to the streets. I, in the same way as other different administrators, understudies and citizens, share the faculty’s frustration† (Yee, 2007).The authority totally agrees to the participants’ requests, also â€restates them various occasions and contends that even the help from advanced education arrange, which has multiplied the teachers’ compensations over the two a years ago, all things considered doesn’t fill the pay hole, when contrasting educators from CSU and different colleges. The essential message the article underlies is: ‘Well-instructed and proficient staff ought not be segregated and ruined with low salaries’. The writer at long last urges his c rowd to join the strike: â€Å"Please go along with us in bringing genuinely necessary straightforwardness, responsibility and community to our organizations of advanced education by supporting SB 190† (Yee, 2007)As one can comprehend from this investigation, just one article contains no predispositions, which is the paper on NBC.com, whose writer appears to be fair, steady and legitimate, as the article is organized sufficiently: the primary passage addresses every single essential inquiry like â€Å"When?†, â€Å"Why?’, â€Å"Where?†, â€Å"Who else is involved?† (though Arjentera’s and Yee’s papers discard a portion of these inquiries in the principal section) ; what's more, the paper contains the parts of conclusions and standpoints,â which are diverse in nature and tone. Arjentera’s article contains a lot of words like â€Å"reject† or â€Å"refuse† just as negative articulations, highlighting the lacks as opposed to objectives and the potential strides towards compromise.Moreover, it is written in very skeptical soul: â€Å"Union pioneers debate that most educators would really get that much and differ over a legitimacy pay proposal† (the closing section) (Arjentera, 2007, p.5). Subsequently, the creator suggests that the activity is to sure degree trivial. Yee’s and Gavious’s papers are unequivocally hopeful, and both appear to take the strikers’ side.Although the last paper is arranged on CSU site, it doesn’t contain any extreme positions, however it tends to be pronounced as one-sided in any case, as the creator doesn’t remember the genuine effect of the strike for understudies and California state financial plan, yet he noticed that the instructors won't miss numerous exercises. Yee’s paper contains express purposeful publicity and the advancements of the strikers’ interests. Because of the way that the creator is the compe lling political figure, his solicitation to help the members is amazingly solid as far as its control over open consciousness.In end, I might want to post my proposals for residents, who wish to study the occasions. NBC.com has showed up the most dependable and trustworthy source, however I wouldn’t like to publicize or advance it †truth be told, to dispatch basic reasoning, it is sufficient to peruse or tune in to the report from three-four distinct sources and think cautiously not just on the strike itself, yet in addition consider its monetary side and results for the state spending plan just as the conceivable improvement of training quality at the university.Reference listArjentera, C. (22 March 2007). CSU staff approve a strike. Educators despite everything haggling with school framework. Monterey County Herald, p.5.NBC news. (21 March 2007). Votes Are In; CSU Strike Looms. Accessible online at: http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/Gavios, J. (22 March 2007). Workforce U nion for California State U. Approves ‘Rolling Walkouts’ if Contract Negotiations Fall. Accounts of Higher Education. Accessible online at: https://www2.calstate.edu/mediacenter/

Saturday, August 22, 2020

The Wine of Astonishment Essay Example For Students

The Wine of Astonishment Essay In Earl Lovelaces booktwo primary characters emerge Bee and Bolo. Bolos character is a warrior and he guides the individuals to the way of strengthening by method of the warrior for that is the thing that he knows and what his identity is. Honey bees character is a man of confidence, persistence, and a man of his kin. Honey bee likewise picks a way of strengthening for the individuals of the town that is characterized by his character, he manages the individuals to the way of confidence. The excursion in the book has the two men put their characters and ways of strengthening under a magnifying glass. Who succeeds? Tolerance, a man of confidence, and a man of the individuals are the means by which I portray Bees charcter in this book. Honey bee exhibits his understanding when it is tried against Corporal Price. Ruler goes to the town to uphold the law against the Spiritual Baptist. Honey bee concludes it is ideal to rehearse in the habits of the Catholics and Anglican until he one day begins lecturing in the first way of the Spiritual Baptist. After that vitalizing message he proceeds till Corporal Price strikes the congregation. Honey bee understands that to support his kin they, he should pause, show restraint till this unfairness is lifted to lecture again in the Spiritual Baptist way. Honey bee is really a man of the individuals. In the episode when Corporal Prince assaults the congregation Bees first considerations were for the individuals. Honey bee discloses to them Brethren, it would be ideal if you dont run. If it's not too much trouble dont give them the reason to brutalize you. He knew how the police would act toward the assemblage and he needed to secure his kin. Honey bee puts the individuals of the town first for he is a man of the individuals. Honey bee is a man of confidence. He places his confidence in the Spirit, and the individuals to remain solid. In proceeding with the event of the strike from Corporal Prince you can see Bees confidence. The confidence Bee has for the Spirit and the individuals when the assemblage is strolled however the town in the wake of being captured and Bee participates in the song began by Sister Isabel which the entire gathering at that point joins. The song goes I never get exhausted at this point, I never get fatigued at this point, Forty long years I work in the field, And I never get tired at this point. Saying they have done this quite a while now and they have still remained solid. Here Bee places his confidence in the individuals and the Spirit together from the joining of the gathering in the melody of the Spirit. Honey bee is a man of confidence, his kin, and of tolerance, with these models you can comprehend why I portray Bee as such. The main unmistakable words you read about Bolo are rising like a lance out of the back line, with the remainder of the assembly, to sing the primary song was Bolo. With another sort of durability about him, a warrior still. I would character Bolo as a w arrior insubordinately. He is a trooper for his kin in this season of abuse. Bolo began as a warrior first and foremost and finished as warrior. At the point when he started as a warrior with stickfighting as the book depicts Bolo was in Bonasse, the victor stickfighter, the ruler, driving the town in fights down the length and expansiveness of the island. Bolo battled in pride for the warrior inside during those seasons of stickfighting. Bolos warrior aura proceeded with when Corporal Price was shipping the gathering (counting Bolos mother) to the police headquarters for overstepping the law of loving in the Spiritual Baptist way. Bolo held fast for the individuals he was their warrior ready to battle in any event, being out numbered. The book alludes to how Bolo headbutted Price till he went down. At same time Prince was going down the 9 other police office bounced Bolo. He kept on battling and battle till his head was part open by a cop. Bolo was a warrior regardless of the chanc es he needed to confront. The last showing of Bolos warrior character was the point at which he remained on the yard with Primuss 2 young ladies that he had taken before. He trusted that the individuals will recover these young ladies. He was not going to release them until the individuals made their remain to him and gave him they are warriors. He was a warrior and ought to be looked as a warrior by warriors. A couple of individuals of the town appeared and the police. The police realized Bolo would not help out them and wound up shooting him. The warrior flourished in Bolo even to an incredible finish. Honey bees way for strengthening is confidence, have confidence and it will show you the way. The book begins Bees way of confidence in the congregation. He peaches his ground-breaking lessons to the assemblage managing them to place confidence in the Spirit. When Spiritual Baptist practice is banned they would at present meet up and place their confidence is the Spirit as a gatheri ng. A genuine case of this is the means by which they had to move their congregation to the out skirts of town to keep on rehearsing this religion. Rather than changing over to one of the acknowledged religions they decide to migrate. Honey bee and the assemblage set their confidence in the Spirit to help them through this season of migration. Honey bee centered his confidence and the confidence of the individuals to the legislature. He felt that if the individuals have confidence in the administration they could work at making changes to the town and what preferable approach to do that over choose a man from your own town, Ivan Morton to the Council. Honey bee put his trust in Ivan and guided the individuals to do likewise. Honey bee said Who we need in the Council is a man that qualify. What we need is a man with training similarly as the individuals in Britain. What's more, we have that man here, ? This is the man! Brought into the world right here, a man of information and compr ehension to speak to the individuals: Ivan Morton! to tell the individuals that Ivan is a man of the town and they should bolster him and put their confidence in Ivan. That started their confidence in the administration by having a man from the town on the Council to help them. Honey bee guided the individuals to place their confidence in Spirit and the administration as his decision to enabling the individuals. Bolo is a warrior on a basic level. He accepts the bearing to control the town to strengthening is to form the individuals into warriors. He endeavored to do this by model, by asking and forcibly. An endeavor at Bolo attempting to show others how its done is the point at which only he faces Corporal Prince and the police. The book reveals to us he is the one in particular who battles against the police and keeping in mind that his is doing this he influences just a single individual in the town, Taffy. He attempts to join the battle Bolo is uncovering alone and is kept down. Taffy says all o you stand up there and watch them beat him. Also, he was battling for all you along the walk home. Bolo was telling individuals the best way to be a warrior and go to bat for their convictions. Bolo keeps on inducing the individuals of the town towards being warriors. Whenever stickfighting returns Bolo gets the chance to battle, and to tell the individuals the best way to battle I accept. Bolo gets in the ring with Innocent an individual stickfighter. They move around each like a move. Bolo continues to make the principal blow and Innocent puts his stick down. Bolo urges him to battle to be a warrior. He state crow jumbie-flying creature crow Jumbie-feathered creature wouldnt crow considering him a defeatist to convince Innocent to battle with no achievement. Bolo at that point carries the call to anybody saying So no one going to come in the ring? So no one aint battling? Still nobody is happy to battle. With the fierceness from no reaction from the individuals h e made one final endeavor that night to stickfight by squashing and annihilating the drums and saying Who dont like it come and beat me. Come and beat me. Bolo encouraged the individuals of the town onto the warriors way without progress. After this is when Bolo concluded he would constrain the town to become warriors. He would compel this on them as people by hassling and inciting the individuals. Bolo squeezed the individuals of the town to defend themselves and be warriors. His last extraordinary exertion was the point at which he remained on the patio with Primuss 2 young ladies that he had quite recently taken in light of the fact that he needed to the book states. He was not giving the town a decision yet driving them to stand up and be a warriors now. Bolo needed the individuals to recover these young ladies and not the police. He was not going to release them until the individuals made their remain to him and gave him they are warriors. The police wound up shooting him. The couple of individuals who indicated were the main ones to confront Bolo as warriors and recoup the young ladies. With Bolo utilizing outrageous power he succeeded with a couple of individuals of the town demonstrating they have warriors in them. The way Bolo chose to enable the individuals however the warrior didn't arrive at the entire of the individuals all things considered it reached a couple. Honey bee and Bolo two unique characters who picked two distinct ways to engage the individuals of Bonasse. Bolo picked a warriors way of strengthening which spoke to his character. Honey bees character indicated his confidence and he utilized his confidence for his way of strengthening. At long last keeping confidence won, the restriction on the religion of the Spiritual Baptist was lifted. What's more, this is the objective Bee was after. There are constantly numerous answers for a difficult you need to choose what is the best for you approach to answer it. It will characterize your char acter and your way of life. Words: 1692 .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9 , .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9 .postImageUrl , .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9 , .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9:hover , .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9:visited , .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9:active { border:0!important; } .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9:active , .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9:hover { obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue2410d64e018e3243c50ab7f499b27b9

Monday, July 27, 2020

What You Should Know About Loneliness

What You Should Know About Loneliness Psychotherapy Print The Health Consequences of Loneliness Causes and Health Consequences of Feeling Lonely By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on July 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on December 09, 2019 More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy Loneliness is a universal human emotion that is both complex and unique to each individual. Because it has no single common cause, the prevention and treatment of this potentially damaging state of mind can vary dramatically. For example, a lonely child who struggles to make friends at his school has different needs than a lonely old man whose wife has recently died. In order to understand loneliness, its important to take a closer look at exactly what we mean by the term lonely, as well as the various causes, health consequences, symptoms, and potential treatments for loneliness. Illustration by Brianna Gilmartin, Verywell Definition of Loneliness While common definitions of loneliness describe it as a state of solitude or being alone, loneliness is actually a state of mind. Loneliness is defined by researchers as defined as feeling lonely more than once a week. ?? Loneliness causes people to feel empty, alone, and unwanted. People who are lonely often crave human contact, but their state of mind makes it more difficult to form connections with other people. Loneliness, according to many experts, is not necessarily about being alone. Instead, if you feel alone and isolated, then that is how loneliness plays into your state of mind. For example, a college freshman might feel lonely despite being surrounded by roommates and other peers. A soldier beginning his military career might feel lonely after being deployed to a foreign country, despite being constantly surrounded by other troop members. Causes of Loneliness Contributing factors to lonliness include situational variables, such as physical isolation, moving to a new location, and divorce??. The death of someone significant in a persons life can also lead to feelings of loneliness. Additionally, it can be a symptom of a psychological disorder such as depression.?? Loneliness can also be attributed to internal factors such as low self-esteem. People who lack confidence in themselves often believe that they are unworthy of the attention or regard of other people. This can lead to isolation and chronic loneliness. Health Risks Associated With Loneliness Loneliness has a wide range of negative effects on both physical and mental health??, including: Depression and suicideCardiovascular disease and strokeIncreased stress levelsDecreased memory and learningAntisocial behaviorPoor decision-makingAlcoholism and drug abuseThe progression of Alzheimers diseaseAltered brain function These are not the only areas in which loneliness takes its toll. Lonely adults get less exercise than those who are not lonely. ??Their diet is higher in fat, their sleep is less efficient, and they report more daytime fatigue. Loneliness also disrupts the regulation of cellular processes deep within the body, predisposing us to premature aging. What Research Suggests About Loneliness Researchers have found that low levels of loneliness are associated with marriage, higher incomes, and higher educational status. High levels of loneliness are associated with physical health symptoms, living alone, small social networks, and low-quality social relationships.?? Having Close Friends Can Help Combat Loneliness Researchers also suggest that loneliness is becoming more common in the United States. Since 1985, the number of people in the U.S. with no close friends has tripled.?? The rise of the internet and ironically, social media, are  partially to blame . Experts believe that it is not the quantity of social interaction that combats loneliness, but its the quality. Having just three or four close friends is enough to ward off loneliness and reduce the negative health consequences associated with this state of mind. Loneliness Can Be Contagious One study suggests that loneliness may actually be contagious. In a ten-year study, researchers examined how loneliness spreads in social networks. The results indicated that people close to someone experiencing loneliness were 52% more likely to become lonely as well.?? Tips to Prevent and Overcome Loneliness Loneliness can be overcome. It does require a conscious effort on your part to make a change. Making a change, in the long run, can make you happier, healthier, and enable you to impact others around you in a positive way. Here are some ways to prevent loneliness: Recognize that loneliness is a sign that something needs to change.Understand the effects that loneliness has on your life, both physically and mentally.Consider doing community service or another activity that you enjoy. These situations present great opportunities to meet people and cultivate new friendships and social interactions.Focus on developing quality relationships with people who share similar attitudes, interests, and values with you.Expect the best. Lonely people often expect rejection, so instead focus on positive thoughts and attitudes in your social relationships.

Friday, May 22, 2020

What Is the Definition of Compound Subject in Grammar

A compound subject is a  subject  made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a coordinating conjunction (such as and or or) and that have the same predicate. The parts of a compound subject may also be joined by correlative conjunctions, such as both . . . and and not only . . . but also. Although both parts of a compound subject share the same verb, that verb is not always plural. Examples and Observations Dave and Angie own a new Honda Accord, but they prefer to drive their old vanWilbur and Orville Wright ran a printing business from their childhood home, and as young men, they operated a bicycle shop.My uncle  and my cousin are  both lawyers, as my father was. Agreement With Compound Subjects Normally a subject made up of more than one element takes a plural verb (The President and Congress are at loggerheads), although occasionally, when the elements add up to the same idea, the verb is singular (The wear and tear on the car was tremendous). But focus an eye on these compound subjects followed by singular verbs, all of which are correct: Everything in the cupboard and everything on the table  was  smashed.Everybody favoring the plan and everybody leaning toward it  were  interviewed.Nobody in my house and nobody on my street  has  been robbed.Anyone who has read the book and anybody who has even heard of its ideas  agrees  with the author. Compound Subjects Joined by Or or Nor Unlike subjects joined by and, the very role of or and nor is to separate, to tell us that its not both things, but one thing or the other that the verb applies to.  So the rule is: Subjects joined by or or nor are not considered as a group, and the verbs person and number should agree with those of the subjects individual parts.There are three possible scenarios here. If both parts are singular, as in the subject Mary or Donna, then the verb is singular. If theyre both plural, as in the subject Neither the girls nor the boys, the verb is plural. In really tricky sentences where you have one of each, such as Either Tony or his daughters, the verb should agree with whatever part of the subject its closest to in the sentence; for example, either Tony or his daughters are or either the daughters or their father is.   Sources David R. Slavitt, Conflations.  Short Stories Are Not Real Life. LSU Press, 1991 Ann Batko,  When Bad Grammar Happens to Good People. Career Press, 2004

Friday, May 8, 2020

The Transition From Drilling On Shore - 1915 Words

Overview This project is dealing with the transition from drilling on-shore to more difficult tasks that companies are taking upon them with drilling off-shore into shallow and deep water. Since drilling for easy oil has depleted, companies are pursuing sources for the heavy oil by moving to offshore drilling. The project was originally approved in 2014, but since the approval of the project oil prices have plunged more than 50% percent in 2015. XYZ’s Houston refinery is located on the Texas Gulf Coast and has a capacity of 200,000 bpd. It is capable of processing mix of light and heavy crudes. The company for years has been considering an expansion project for the Houston based refinery, which can provide the company with an advantage due to the favorable heavy crude prices and light oil from the Middle East. The expansion would be beneficial because bringing the heavy oil from Mexico and Venezuela have both low shipping cost and lesser travel distance to the refinery. The expansion project would also benefit from the Trans-Canadian pipeline when it’s completed which would bring heavy oil from the Oil Sands in Canada. Objective The Houston Refinery’s current configuration refines light crudes with some capacity to refine heavy crude oil. With the proposed expansion the objective is to increase the capacity for the heavier crude oil at the refinery, the heavy crude oil would be brought in by tankers from Mexico and off-loaded at the refinery docks and piped into theShow MoreRelatedOff Shore Drilling Outline1820 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Attention Getter: We all need our cars to get us from point a to point b but with the price of gas being so high, many people ride the bus or train to save themselves from shelling out money at the pump. Spending money is an emotional process for most working class citizens, especially if it’s something that we need daily but alas we don’t have a choice. 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On 20 April 2010, while drilling at the Macondo Prospect, an uncontrollable blowout caused an explosion on the rig that killed 11 crewmen and ignited a fireball. The fire was inextinguishable and, two days later, on April 22, the Horizon sank, leaving the well leaking at the seabed. On April 20, 2010, during the final phases of drilling the exploratoryRead MoreSwitching Of Solar Power : A Alternative Energy Choice1063 Words   |  5 PagesSWITCHING TO SOLAR POWER IS A HEATHIER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CHOICE ENG101_wk10_assn1_tdorrbecker_06122016 The 2003 Northeast Blackout was a two-day nightmare that spanned from New York to Canada. This incredible event was not due to a storm, but computer and human error; affecting over fifty million people with estimated losses up to ten billion dollars and 11 deaths (Walsh, 2013)! 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Designing for a sustainable future is no longer a choice but a necessity. The Gulf waters pose an ecological concern due to extensive offshore drilling, as well as the massive oil tanker and merchant shipping traffic, which constitute the life of the region. As development propels population growth along its shore and recreational tourism increases, the ecological well-being of the inter-tidal zones and their sea life need to be safeguarded. Global warming and the predicted riseRead MoreBe the Solution to Ocean Pollution Essay1975 Words   |  8 Pagesthe sight I had just witnessed. This experience made me want to counter this action and enhance the quality of the ocean. IV. Thesis: Today, I am going to talk to you about how water toxins, pollutants, and human impact affect the ocean. (Transition: A significant problem with water toxins and pollutants are the negative effect it has on the ocean water and the marine life.) BODY I. Need A. Some of the most common toxins and pollutants are in a destructive group called organochlorinesRead MoreConoco Phillips Strategic Management4842 Words   |  20 Pageshow the split of ConocoPhillips in the year 2012 has improved the company. Furthermore, how there new focus on the Upstream Operations (exploration and production) of the company is helping them establish a good market barrier to separate themselves from their competition. The research draws attention to ConocoPhillips exploration of sales on the onshore basins  of North America and other countries, their interest in new ways to develop clean energy, and their investment in new technology to extract

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Ib 150 Exam 1 Free Essays

1. Understand what is the same about all life, and what makes life diverse A. List the five characteristics all organisms on Earth share * The five characteristics all organisms share is: information, replication, evolution, cells, and energy (cerie) B. We will write a custom essay sample on Ib 150 Exam 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Explain why the first four are required for life * Cells allow things to go in and out of the organism (allows diffusion to happen so good things go in and bad things go out) * Energy is required because it allows most functions and reactions to happen in the organism * Information: so your cells know what to do next( aka the things happening in your brain need information to learn) * Replication: everything an organism does revolves around trying to replicate itself(meiosis) C. Differentiate heterotrophs and autotrophs 1. Heterotrophs: need to obtain energy from an outside source 2. Autotrophs: create energy and food for themselves Some reactions are exothermic because their PEreactants is Higher than PEproducts 2. Understand that energy to sustain life is derived from chemical potential energyy * LOCS D. Relate the distance of electrons from their protons to the concept of chemical potential energy * The further electrons are from their protons, the more PE they have (PE is stored energy, so the distance is increased and is further meaning it’ll have more want to go closer to the oppositely attacted nucleus) E. Define exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions * Exergonic reactions: happen spontaneously (don’t need any source of energy to happen) Endergonic need energy from the outside to create the reaction heat has been released to the environment ReactantsPE greter than PEproducts(PE dropped so Exergoinic) The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for an endergonic reaction. Acquire Energy=Endergonic Rxn†¦Pi is transferred to a phosphate group F. Classify the hydrolosis of ATP as either endergonic or exergonic * Hydrolysis of ATP is exergonic (energy is released) the ATP outermost phosphate groups is broken†¦energy is created G. Classify the the phosphorylation of a substrate by ATP as either endergonic or exergonic.. phosphorlyation is exergonic because the electrons in ADP and the Pi have so much less PE than they did in the ATP.. phospholyation is the addition of a phosphate group to s substeate†¦it adds negative charge to a protein the electrons in the protein change configuration (the molecules overall shape) H. Use the First Law of Thermodynamics to explain how chemical reactions transfer energy from one molecule to another†¦first law states that energy is neither created nor destroy†¦it just means that PE will change from KE and KE will turn into thermal, sound, or light energy, the energies are just changing * HOCS A. Predict whether reactions are exergonic or endergonic given information on the potential energy of reactants and products PE of reactants higher: PE drops: Exergonic†¦PE of products higher, then PE increases, and its endergonic B. Use the concepts of exergonic and endergonic reactions to explain how ATP does work in the cell via phosphorylation. 1. The addition of aphosphate group to a substrate: exergonic: electrons in ADP and phosphate group has much less PE than in ATP (meaning the ADP Pi are the products.. products will have less PE than the reactants.. PE drops).. When phosphorylated, the Energy is a product†¦The phosphorylated by ATP means that the exergonic because there was a drop in PE, DeltaG (or free energy thing) is negative 1. Understand the importance of cellular respiration to (almost all) life on Earth * LOCS A. List (separately) the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration. Inputs of Cell Respiration: Outputs of CR: B. Recall that nearly all life on Earth conducts cellular respiration C. Differentiate and relate the roles of glucose and ATP in cellular respiration D. Describe the role of cellular respiration in the transfer of energy from glucose to work done in the cell E. Differentiate aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration Anaerobic doesn’t require O2, Aerobic requires O2 * HOCS A. Justify why some organisms would use aerobic cellular respiration and others would use anaerobic cellular respiration Some organisms find it diffult to acquire O2: at the bottom of the ocean, etc B. Justify why most life on Earth uses aerobic cellular respiration, instead of anaerobic cellular respiration Most life is near oxygen, they can acquire it mostly a lot of the time 1. Understand the importance of photosynthesis to (almost all) life on Earth * LOCS A. *** changed 8/28 *** List (separately) the inputs and outputs of the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis Inputs of LCR: Outputs of LCR: B. *** changed 8/28 *** List (separately) the inputs and outputs of the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis Inputs Calvin Cycle: Outputs CC: C. Relate the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis to those of cellular respiration The inputs of photosyn are the outputs of CR D. Define, identify on a diagram, and relate chloroplasts, thylakoids, and stroma Thylakoids are fluid filled sacs where the photosynthesis occurs in cells Stroma: is the surrounding membrane of the chloroplasts Chloroplasts are found in plants in which they absorb the light rays E. *** changed 8/28 *** Associate the light-capturing reactions and Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis with these structures F. Compare, contrast, and relate the functions of chlorophyll and carotenoids G. Use the concept of chemical potential energy to summarize why chlorophyll absorbs the wavelengths of light it does. Chem PE. H. Define carbon fixation I. Generalize the influence of photosynthesis on oxygen levels in Earth’s atmosphere.. Increased O2 levels J. Generalize the influence of carbon fixation on carbon dioxide levels in Earth’s atmosphere K. Paraphrase the three potential fates of the excited electron produced when a photon meets a chlorophyll molecule L. Relate the functions of the antenna complex and the reaction center in a chloroplast * HOCS A. *** changed 8/28 *** For each input of photosynthesis, predict the effect on both the light-capturing reactions and Calvin Cycle if that one input is limited. B. Illustrate the flow of energy from solar energy, to glucose, to ATP, to work done in the cell. . Understand the importance of diffusion to cellular metabolism and the how it constraints the evolution of cell/body size and shape * LOCS A. Define diffusion B. Predict (in a general sense) the net direction in which dissolved molecules will move given information about their concentration C. Define each of the terms of Fick’s Law of Diffusion D. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for simple shapes, when pres ented with equations to calculate surface area and volume E. Assess the surface area to volume ratios of different shapes relative to one another, given information about their volume or mass F. Predict (in a general sense) changes in the rate of diffusion given changes in the various parameters of Fick’s Law of Diffusion G. When provided with equations for the surface area and volume of a shape, use them to explain why the SA:V of a small shape is greater than that of the same shape at a larger size. * HOCS A. Justify why the net movement of a group of molecules along a concentration gradient due to diffusion can be caused by the random movement of individual molecules B. *** added 9/2 *** Use the concepts of surface area and volume to relate 1) the ability to acquire reactants for cellular respiration and 2) the amount of those reactants required to a single celled organism’s size Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O – C6H12O6 + 6O2 (O2 is a by product) along with sugar How to cite Ib 150 Exam 1, Papers

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Private property an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Private property by Expert Tutor Maya | 22 Dec 2016 Private property is generally defined (De Soto, 1989) as commonly recognized possessions, which belong to an inpidual. The concept of private property is close-knit to the right to ownership, described in numerous philosophical perspectives and declared nowadays in the most worlds constitutions. As one knows from the history, the implications of ownership appeared a long age, in prehistoric societies, where social stratification was at its sunrise, and with the development of Roman law, it was included into the first statute book (De Soto, 1989) . The present paper is intended to discuss philosophical approaches to private property and focus on Lockes perspective, clearly relating to the idea of business. Need essay sample on "Private property" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Aristotle was among the first philosophers who advocated private property in his writings, namely in Politics. The ancient thinker reveals the truth about acquisitive human nature; that which is common to the greatest number has the least care bestowed upon it. Every one thinks chiefly of his own, hardly at all of the common interest; and only when he is himself concerned as an inpidual (Bellamy and Ross, 1996, p. 139). In addition, the scholar states that common property is inconvenient, as although inpiduals have approximately the same needs, some of them tend to work less that others, still consuming communal resources of the basis of equality (ibid). Private property is therefore viewed as a means of social justice and workload-sensitive distribution of material resources. Hobbes, the Enlightenment philosopher, sought to present private property of governments responsibility. First of all, he insists on giving to every man his own (Bellamy and Ross, 1996, p. 148), but the extent of ownership is vague therefore and therefore vulnerable to violent usurpation - in his sense, the scholar recommends that the government or executive power determine, declare and control the observance of property rights. Hobbes in his writings describes law-abiding approach, so that power is only political force, entitled to use compulsion and rigid control over social relations, so that the scholar truly believed in the importance of regulating property rights from above, or in hierarchical order (De Soto, 2006). James Harrington, who wrote his Oceana approximately simultaneously with Hobbes creative activity, states that property right is natural, but applicable in limited number of contexts: for instance, political power in its pure structure appeared as a result of property distribution, not conversely, as Hobbes claims (De Soto, 2006). Due to the fact that political order is secondary and that its development was close-knit to the emergence of the conception of ownership, it is important to remember that the noble crown might abuse or usurp property and hold the great part of national possessions (Bellamy and Ross, 1996; De Soto and Cheneval, 2006). D.Hume, another outstanding philosopher, hold conservative views on property and states that customs and traditions in fact determined the development of political and legal apparatuses, including those norms and conventions, which put certain orders or restraints upon private property. A regard for liberty, though a laudable passion, ought commonly to be subordinate to a reverence for established government, which means, government is responsible for the distribution of private property, moreover: There are property rights because of and to the extent that the existing law, supported by social customs, secure them (De Soto and Cheneval, 2006, p. 352). In addition, the philosopher recommends the spur of industry (ibid, p. 355), which engenders property. Hegel, in his Philosophy of Right takes rather inpidual than macrosocial approach to property and describes it in relation to the persons needs and willing. The scholar pides human needs into biological and social and states that the satisfaction of these needs is the main constituent of human willing (Ellickson, 1993). The things of the objective world become property only in relation to ones will, they are not property by themselves. On the other hand, only through the mastery and transformation of the world can the will be actualized and personality made concrete (Ellickson, 1993, p. 1317). Property is viewed as a tool of achieving appropriateness in the social context within which the inpidual operates for instance, the members of top class need much more property that necessary for meeting their physical needs, as in this case social stimulus becomes stronger that instinctive. This means, private property is not merely material possessions, but rather a mode, which determines social relations as well as the development of human cognition (Ellickson, 1993; De Soto and Cheneval, 2006) . Lockes (Locke, 2003) account defends private property and combines theological and philosophical standpoints. First of all, the thinker refers to property as to a right, provided by God, namely, the right to make use of natural facilities and resources. Nevertheless, the Deity gave the Earth to the entire humanity in common, rather than distributing the resources among inpiduals, so Locke seeks to answer the question concerning the measurement of the amount of possessions each person deserves/is entitled to use. According to his theory, inpiduals own themselves and their own labor, but as soon as the labor enters into the object (Locke, 2003, p. 372), the inpidual receives this object as their private property. For instance, a peasant who grows potatoes, puts his labor into this activity and therefore its material results (the crops) become his property (Bellamy and Ross, 1996). This is Lockes principle of labor-mixing: if ones labor is mixed with unowned object, this inpidual is entitled to use it as their property (Locke, 2003; De Soto and Cheneval, 2006) . In addition, the scholar persifies property rights: for instance, he alleges that everyone is entitled to use their belongings in accordance with their will, i.e. allow another inpidual to use them, exclude others from their use or announce another persons right for this object. Those are the components of his idea of liberty in terms of private property. The other constituents include: 1.Each person has the natural right to do whatever she chooses with whatever she legitimately owns so long as she does not harm other people (in ways that violate their rights). Each person also has the corresponding natural right not be harmed by anyone else (in any way that violates her rights. 2. Each person is a full owner of herself (Bellamy and Ross, 1996, p. 297). On the other hand, the scholar convinces that an inpidual is not entitled to sell themselves into slavery, this means, the only restriction, placed upon self-ownership right is the impossibility of ones voluntary renounce (Locke, 2003) of this particular right (integral right). Furthermore, the third point (condition) of Lockes concept of liberty in possession is the right to have the same benefit from their labor as others receive from the efforts of the same nature (Locke, 2003; Bellamy and Ross, 1996): for instance, a programmer should earn the same amount as paid to other programmers with identical job responsibilities. Furthermore, the scholar states that inpiduals should respect the others property rights and avoid using another persons possessions without the latters compliance. Furthermore, the philosopher states that making use of material objects (first and foremost, land, as the scholar presents real property as a basic pattern) doesnt imply destroying them; on the contrary, each inpidual should care about the applicability or usability of such objects or avoid wasting the resources (Locke, 2003; McKay, 2004). Logically, resources should belong to those who can use them in productive way: Locke holds that at least when third condition obtaines and the No Waste rule is observed by private appropriators, then one has a right to appropriate unowned land as ones private property and this appropriation establishes genuine full property rights held by the appropriator over that particular parcel of land (McKay, 2004, p. 517). Locke also mentions his explanation of scarcity of natural resources: e.g. he holds that inequality in real possessions point to social consent concerning the use of money, intended to compensate for the lack of land for certain inpiduals. This statement can be proved through the following fact: in the period of natural households, inpiduals hadnt yet invented money and therefore manifested their property rights in accordance with Lockes approach: they appropriated unowned land and employed natural exchange to get the products, grown on the others lands. To sum up, interpreting Lockes doctrine in the context of contemporary business, one can understand that the scholar provides the basic principles of business ethics, related to private property: first of all, the corresponding right of an entrepreneur is inviolable, secondly, employees should receive sufficient salaries (according to the standards in this area), thirdly, social responsibility should be among the major concerns of contemporary businesses, as this concept includes environment preservation and observation of No Waste norm, i.e. resources, which constitute property, should be utilized rationally and cautiously. It is clear that business or company is the entrepreneurs property, whereas employees labor is possessed exclusively by the latter, so that they should receive certain compensation (unless the worker is a volunteer) for providing their property to the businessman. Finally, market competition among enterprises should not include the abuse of other entrepreneurs ownership-based rights (e.g.stealth, including plagiarism or information theft). Reference list Bellamy, R. and Ross, A. (1996). A Textual Introduction to Social and Political Theory. Manchester. De Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path. Harper and Row. De Soto, H. and Cheneval, F. (2006). Realizing Property Rights. Ruffer and Rub. Ellickson, R. (1993). Property in Land. Yale Law Journal, 102: 1315-1400. Locke, J. (2003). Two Treatises of Government, ed. P.Laslett. Cambridge University Press. McKay, J. (2004). A History of world Societies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Friday, March 20, 2020

Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Biography

Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Biography Occupation:  orator; labor organizer, IWW organizer; socialist, communist; feminist; ACLU founder; first woman to head the American Communist Party Dates:  August 7, 1890 - September 5, 1964 Also Known as:  Rebel Girl of Joe Hills song Quotable Quotes: Elizabeth Gurley Flynn Quotes Early Life Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was born in 1890 in Concord, New Hampshire. She was born into a radical, activist, working-class intellectual family: her father was a socialist and her mother a feminist and Irish nationalist. The family moved to the South Bronx ten years later, and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn attended public school there. Socialism and the IWW Elizabeth Gurley Flynn became active in socialist groups and gave her first public speech when she was 15, on Women under Socialism. She also began making speeches for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or Wobblies) and was expelled from high school in 1907. She then became a full-time organizer for the IWW. In 1908, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn married a miner she met while traveling for the IWW, Jack Jones. Their first child, born in 1909, died shortly after birth; their son, Fred, was born the next year. But Flynn and Jones had already separated. They divorced in 1920. In the meantime, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn continued to travel in her work for the IWW, while her son often stayed with her mother and sister. Italian anarchist Carlo Tresca moved into the Flynn household as well; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and Carlo Trescas affair lasted until 1925. Civil Liberties Before World War I, Flynn was involved in the cause of free speech for IWW speakers, and then in organizing strikes, including those of textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, and Paterson, New Jersey. She was also outspoken on womens rights including birth control, and joined the Heterodoxy Club. When World War I started, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and other IWW leaders opposed the war. Flynn, like many other war opponents at that time, was charged with espionage. The charges were eventually dropped, and Flynn picked up the cause of defending immigrants who were being threatened with deportation for opposing the war. Among those she defended were  Emma Goldman  and Marie Equi. In 1920, Elizabeth Gurley Flynns concern for these basic civil liberties, especially for immigrants, led her to help found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). She was elected to the groups national board. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was active in raising support and money for Sacco and Vanzetti, and she was active in trying to free labor organizers Thomas J. Mooney and Warren K. Billings. From 1927 to 1930 Flynn chaired the International Labor Defense. Withdrawal, Return, Expulsion Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was forced out of activism not by government action, but by ill health, as heat disease weakened her. She lived in Portland, Oregon, with Dr. Marie Equi, also of the IWW and a supporter of the birth control movement. She remained a member of the ACLU board during these years. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn returned to public life after some years, joining the American Communist Party in 1936. In 1939, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was re-elected to the ACLU board, having informed them of her membership in the Communist Party before the election. But, with the Hitler-Stalin pact, the ACLU took a position expelling supporters of any totalitarian government, and expelled Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and other Communist Party members from the organization. In 1941, Flynn was elected to the Communist Partys Central Committee, and the next year she ran for Congress, stressing womens issues. World War II and Aftermath During World War II, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn advocated womens economic equality and supported the war effort, even working for Franklin D. Roosevelts reelection in 1944. After the war ended, as anti-communist sentiment grew, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn again found herself defending free speech rights for radicals. In 1951, Flynn and others were arrested for conspiracy to overthrown the United States government, under the Smith Act of 1940. She was convicted in 1953 and served her prison term in Alderson Prison, West Virginia, from January 1955 to May 1957. Out of prison, she returned to political work. In 1961, she was elected National Chairman of the Communist Party, making her the first woman to head that organization. She remained chairman of the party until her death. For a long time a critic of the USSR and its interference in the American Communist Party, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn traveled to the USSR and Eastern Europe for the first time. She was working on her autobiography. While in Moscow, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was stricken ill, her heart failing, and she died there. She was given a state funeral in Red Square. Legacy In 1976, the ACLU restored Flynns membership posthumously. Joe Hill write the song Rebel Girl in honor of Elizabeth Gurley Flynn. By Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: Women in the War. 1942. Womens Place in the Fight for a Better World. 1947. I Speak My Own Piece: Autobiography of the Rebel Girl. 1955. The Rebel Girl: An Autobiography: My First Life (1906-1926). 1973.

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Of Mice and Men Questions for Discussion

Of Mice and Men Questions for Discussion Of Mice and Men is a famous and controversial novel by John Steinbeck. There have been many cases in which the novel was asked to be removed, sometimes successfully, from school curriculums due to profane language and dark themes such as murder, mental illness, and euthanasia. Given its controversial nature, there are many opinions and interpretations of Of Mice and Men, which makes it a fun novel to discuss and debate. Here are some questions that will get the conversation rolling. Starting From the Top: Where did Steinbeck get the title from? What is he referencing?   Themes and Symbols: What is the central purpose of the story?What are other themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?  Can you think of any symbols that represent one of the themes you just discussed?  How does the setting add to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else?What types of conflict occur in Of Mice and Men? Are the conflicts  physical, intellectual, or emotional? Lets Talk About The Characters: Are George and Lenny consistent in their actions? Are they fully developed characters?  From the women in the velvet dress to Curleys wife, female characters have played a large part in changing Lennie and Georges life. What is the role of women in the text? And why does Steinbeck not give them names?How does John Steinbeck reveal character in  Of Mice and Men? What Are Your Opinions? Would you recommend this novel to a friend?  Do you think the book should be censored or banned?  Do you find the characters likable?  Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why?

Sunday, February 16, 2020

Social Inequality and the Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Inequality and the Law - Case Study Example (ii) There is another matter that, both of them are black murder cases. The judgment and the subsequent actions are said to be based on the fact that the victims were blacks. It is another similarity with the two cases that no offender was found even after a very pinpoint search. As in accordance with the changes in British law that came as an effect of the case of Stephen Lawrence James' father would have aremedy. David Blunkett who was a Home Secretary of Bratain introduced that, the Parliament of Britain forfited the provision against double jeopardy that was previously a strict prohibition. If there is a new and compelling evidence, retrials are now allowed. This is a positive aspect of James father.After the passing of The Race Relations (Amendment) Act (RRAA) 2000,it is more easy for the father of James to go to the Court and get a remedy from the Government. Whether the poor people, women and those from Black and minority ethnic classes are often barred from accessing to justice that is totally dependent on the practice of a state and the people live there. By proven information it can be stated that there is a relation between the race people and the police regarding the combating against racism. Because of institutional racism, or by mixing with other people from other ethnic communities through social events, some of the institutions supply an environment where users can change themselves into basic stream of the society by entering the offices from which they have enjoyed less access. Social justice and Social inclusion is necessary to guarantee full citizenship. Shifting conditions and formative culture are the suggestion of removing entire impartiality. Privilege of every proceeds, fortification and other obligatory requirements; recompense and life likelihood for all; and falling or diminishing excessive inequalities are the keys to take the behind people ahead. The major conference summit of the equalities program has been to protect strict groups from grievance, domination or exploitation, and agonize. There have been groups with natural behavior to struggle against femininity, disability and sexual course. In this situation there is a problem to broaden the religious relationship, social source, tongue and political thinking and opinions - and to focus on celebrating diversity and understanding how inequality arises and how they can be discussed. Service, goods and services in restricted access, under-representation in political, economic and community decis ion making; grass root level people in society; separation, i.e., through restricted employment opportunities; express unfairness; as well as pestering, threats and aggression are aspects of variation in rights. Almost every people in white groups can not take help from full citizenship - they are socially disqualified. Discrimination is of the processes that deny people from full nationality. Social justice can be best acquired through considering the dissimilar wishes of white classes. The requirements of women using public convey, given private security concerns, may vary to the

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Gasoline Prices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gasoline Prices - Research Paper Example I hypothesize that bright sunny weather causes gas prices to increase. To conduct this study, data was gathered from the Seattle Queen Ann weather station available from the Weather Underground. The solar data that was used was the peak amount of solar energy during the day, which was used as an indicator of whether the day was sunny or cloudy. Gasoline prices were taken from Seattle Gas Prices, a web site that monitors and records the daily price of gas in Seattle. For this study, a two-month period from November 15, 2008 to January 15, 2009 was used. The two variables were plotted using Microsoft Excel and is presented in a graph as Figure 1. A logarithmic trend line was used on the solar energy variable to average out the swings in the data. If the hypothesis is true, the trend line for gas prices should follow the trend line for solar energy. As can be seen in Figure 1, the relative gas price generally follows the logarithmic daily solar energy line from mid November to January 1, 2009. During the first week of January, there is some divergence, and the hypothesis does not hold true during this period. However, during the second week of January both the solar energy and the gas prices level out and again begin to prove the hypothesis true.

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Job Stress As Determinants Of Job Performance

Job Stress As Determinants Of Job Performance Stress is defined as a psychological and physiological response to the perception of a demand or challenge (Bunge, 1989). However, job stress is defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when requirements of the job do not match the workers capabilities, resources, or needs of the workers (NIOSH, 1999). Performance is defined as an action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task or function (The New Oxford American Dictionary, 2005). In relation to job, performance is defined as a criterion of job-related behavior, usually measured in terms of quantity or quality of output or both (Corsini, 2002). Excessive stress in the workplace creates a toll on both employee and corporate health. It leads to increase health care cost, higher rates of absenteeism, turn over, industrial accidents, and lower level of productivity and performance. These effects of stress bring negative impact on the functioning of an organization, which in turn affects the economy. According to the American Institute of Stress, job stress costs the nation over $300 billion annually because of health care, absenteeism, and stress reduction efforts. Workplace stress is currently a topic of great interest. Though many professions have been studied, one profession that has not been extensively studied is the librarians, despite many librarians stating that they experience stress in their workplace. It is also the researchers observation that working in the library is not a stress-free job. In fact, according to a research done by psychologist Saqib Saddiq (n.d.), which was published by the BBC News last January 12, 2006, librarians were the most stressed in their workplace because they found their job repetitive and unchallenging. Due to the competitive nature of jobs, stress in the workplace poses a threat to the health of the workers which in turn affects their performance. According to Kavanagh (2005, p. xii), when an individual comes under stress, his cognitive performance and decision making may be adversely affected. The growing amount of research investigating the stress-performance relationship in the workplace may have been due to the popular belief that a high level of stress can lead to reduced employee performance attributed to some forms of physiological, psychological, and behavioral dysfunction (Robbins, 1986, p. 385). Although working in libraries has been commonly thought of as a stress-free job compared with other professions, a number of studies have appeared in library literature which focused on stress experienced by librarians in their workplace (Bunge, 1989; Wood, 1989; Nawe, 1995; Topper, 2007). Factors such as work overload; work under load; interpersonal relationships; lack of effective positive feedback from supervisors, co-workers, and patrons; absence of clear policy guidelines; inadequacies in supervision and management; inadequate office space; role ambiguity; role conflict, and; lack of resources can cause stress in the library workplace which can eventually affect the job performance of library staff (Bunge, 1989). Research on job stress and job performance of public library staff will help public library administrators to develop possible solutions to eliminate or at least reduce stress in their workplace, which is necessary for better job performance of their staff. It will also help them develop effective strategies for managing stress to maintain high level of productivity. Statement of the Problem Large bodies of literature have tried to determine the influence of job stress to job performance among different professionals (e.g. Jamal, 1985; Mathur et al., 2007; Park, 2007; Kazmi, Amjad and Khan, 2008; Ongori and Agolla, 2008; Cardona, 1991; Manasala, 2002; Muyo, 2002; Monge, 2005; Taniajura, 2007). Since there is no study regarding job stress and job performance of public library staff, this study will attempt to fill the research gap that will serve as a useful guide for future research investigations. This study will investigate the sources of job-related stressors of the library staff, their level of stress, and the relationship of stress to their job performance. Specifically, this study will find answers to the following questions: What are the job-related stressors experienced by the public library staff? Physical Environment Stressors Individual Stressors Group Stressors Organizational Stressors What is the level of stress (low, moderate, high) experienced by the public library staff? What is the relationship of level of stress (low, moderate, high) to the level of job performance (low, moderate, high) of public library staff? What socio-demographics influence the level of stress (low, moderate, high) of public library staff? Age Gender Civil status Educational attainment Length of employment Position in the library Salary What socio-demographics influence the level of job performance (low, moderate, high) of public library staff? Objectives of the Study This study aims to: Identify the job-related stressors experienced by the public library staff. Determine the level of stress (low, moderate, high) experienced by the public library staff. Identify the relationship of level of stress (low, moderate, high) to the level of job performance (low, moderate, high) of public library staff? Determine the socio-demographics of public library staff that affect their level of stress. Determine the socio-demographics of public library staff that affect their job performance. Significance of the Study The researcher found it important to study job stress and job performance of library staff because the public believed that librarians work in a stress-free environment (Wood, 1989). Results of this study will serve as a proof that library workplace is also a potential source of stressors which poses a threat to the well-being of library staff and can eventually cause a low level of performance. To the staff in public libraries, the result of this study will help them to become aware of their stressors and stress levels and to develop approaches/strategies to deal with them. This study will also serve as a useful guide for the library staff in preventing stress in their workplace and to create a healthful environment which may result in high performance and productivity. Their better service and commitment to work will benefit the patrons of the library in gathering the necessary information that they need. To library administrators, findings of this study may be used as a basis for designing a stress management manual for library staff focusing on necessary preventive techniques and coping mechanisms to manage stress and implement them appropriately in the library workplace. Such techniques in coping with stress may enhance the well-being of the library staff which is necessary for better job performance and productivity. As a contribution to the scientific studies, the results of this research may fill the research gap between job stress and job performance of public library staff. This study will also provide additional information on the stressors and stress levels in the library workplace; the stressors that influence job performance, and; the socio-demographics that influence the level of stress and job performance. To future researchers, findings of this study can be used as a guide in studying job stress and job performance of library staff in other types of libraries (academic, school, special). This research could also serve as their source of related literature. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study will investigate the stressors and stress levels in the library workplace and the stressors that influence the job performance of library staff, particularly among the staff in selected public libraries in Metro Manila. It will also try to find out if certain socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, length of employment, position in the library, and salary may influence the level of stress and job performance of public library staff. Only the public library staff who perform library work will be included in this study. Library staff who will participate in this study will come from six (6) public libraries in Metro Manila, namely: (1) Makati City Library; (2) Manila City Library; (3) Marikina City Library; (4) Pasay City Library; (5) Pasig City Discovery Centrum and Learning Resource Center, and; (6) Quezon City Public Library. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Stress has been defined in different ways by different people. The business person may define stress as frustration or emotional tension; the air traffic controller may define it as a problem of alertness and concentration, while the biochemist may define stress as a purely chemical event (Ivancevich and Mattenson, 1990). Psychologists and biologists think of stress as any strain that disturbs the functioning of an organism. Medical professionals think of stress as a factor in disease causation. From a laypersons perspective, stress can be defined as feeling tense, anxious or worried (Ivancevich, Konopaske and Mattenson, 2008). However, Selye (1956), a pioneering expert on the study of stress, defined stress as rate of wear and tear within the body at any one time because this is the immediate non specific result of function and damage. Bunge (1989), on the other hand, defined stress as a persons psychological and physiological response to the perception of a demand or challenge. Acc ording to Decenzo and Robbins (1999), stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint or demand, related to what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important. Ivancevich, Konopaske and Mattenson (2008), defined stress as an adaptive response, moderated by individual differences that is a consequence of any action, situation or event that places special demands on a person. Jamal (1984) defined performance as an activity in which an individual is able to accomplish successfully the task/goal assigned, subject to normal constraint of the reasonable utilisation of available resources. According to the Dictionary of Psychology by Ray Corsini (2002), performance is an activity or behaviour that leads to a result such as a change in the environment. However, according to Ivancevich, Konopaske and Mattenson (2008), performance is the desired results of behaviour. Studying stress is important to make the organizations aware that they have a moral and legal obligation to provide a work environment in which stress is kept to manageable levels (Jex 1998). Being aware on the extent of stress in the library workplace, library administrators could design a necessary preventive technique for their staff to deal with stress. This can help the librarians to cope positively with different stressors in their workplace which may result in better performance and high level of well being. On the other hand, policy makers could formulate guidelines which is not too complex so that employees can follow them effectively without being stress. A. Job Stress Foreign Studies Stress among academic librarians and library directors were the focus of study conducted by Wood (1989). The studies showed the potentially adverse impact of stress on individuals and organizations generally, and librarians and libraries specifically. The results of a study based on Hallbergs Stress Survey was sent to the academic librarians in the Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET) region were presented. Six types of stress criteria (time, task perfection, control over the job, competition, change, and physical symptomology) were used to evaluate such positions as library directors; acquisition librarians; catalog librarians; reference librarians; serial librarians, and; others. The impact of technological, environmental, organizational, and other factors were also included in the study. Findings of the study found no evidence of unhealthy stress levels among the college librarians in the 40 academic libraries surveyed. Local Studies In the Philippine setting, studies on job stress have also been conducted. Caguiat (2001) studied the effects of stress and burnout on librarians in selected academic libraries in Metro Manila. The study was conducted to determine the level of burnout; identify the sources of job-related stress; determine the manifestations of stress; describe the level of burnout which affects job performance in relation to the following characteristics such as civil status, age, educational attainment, position/designation in the library, and length of employment in the library, and; identify the individual coping mechanisms and stress reduction techniques provided by their organizations. A survey questionnaire was the main research instrument in the study. Results of the study revealed that academic librarians experienced very mild emotional exhaustion level. Low budget, overworked, low advancement, and working conditions were the most common organizational stressors on academic librarians. The most common manifestations of stress frequently experienced by librarians und er study were backaches and headaches. With regards to their job performance (for the last six months), the respondents think that their overall function as librarians was excellent. On the other hand, librarians in academic libraries dealt with stress towards the positive way of coping, and the most common stress reduction techniques and remedies given to the librarians by their organizations were skill training programs, breaks during work, orientation programs, improved working conditions, and improved communications. Job stress and burnout among librarians in selected special libraries in Metro Manila was another study conducted by Mohammad (2001). This study looked into the prevailing conditions of job stress and burnout among special librarians. The data were obtained through questionnaire. Majority of the respondents (59.5%) were found to be experiencing stress, while 27 percent were distressed or strained. Three (8.1%) respondents were found to be burned out. B. Job Stressors Various authors provided different ways of categorizing work stressors. Schuler (1982) identified seven categories of work stressors. These are (1) job qualities; (2) relationships; (3) organizational structure; (4) physical qualities; (5) career development; (6) change, and; (7) role in the organization. Quick and Quick (1984) propose four categories of stressors. These are (1) task demands; (2) role demands; (3) physical demands (elements in ones physical setting or environment); and (4) interpersonal demands. Burke (1988) provides six categories of stressors in the work place. These are physical environment, role stressors, organizational structure and job characteristics, relationships with others, career development, and work -family conflicts. Bunge (1989) cited the sources of stress in the library workplace such as: work overload; work under load; interpersonal relationships; lack of effective positive feedback from supervisors, co-workers and patrons; absence of clear policy guidelines; inadequacies in supervision and management; inadequate office space; role ambiguity; role conflict, and; lack of resources. Ivancevich and Mattenson (1990) categorize work stressors as: (1) physical environment stressors; (2) individual stressors; (3) group stressors, and; (4) organizational stressors. Decenzo and Robbins (1999) identified two potential stressors in the workplace. These are (1) organizational factors (task demands, role demands, interpersonal demands, organizational structure and organizational leadership), and; (2) individual factors (family problems, economic problems and personality). C. Job Performance Foreign Studies Dale (1959) classified components of job performance into four categories: Skill (includes education, experience, initiative, and ingenuity); Effort (includes physical demand, mental or visual demands); Responsibility (includes equipment or process, material or product, safety of others, work of others), and; Job conditions (includes working conditions, and unavoidable hazards). Myers (1964) confirmed Herzbergs findings. His study showed that achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility, and personal advancement gave deeper lasting satisfaction and performance to the worker than policy, interpersonal relationships, and working conditions. Campbell (1990, 1994) proposed a model whereby performance on all jobs can be broken down into eight dimensions namely: job-specific task proficiency; non-job-specific task proficiency; written and oral communication task proficiency; demonstrating effort; maintaining personal discipline; facilitating peer and team performance; supervision/leadership; and management/ administration. However, Campbell (1990) argues that only three (core task proficiency, demonstrating effort, and maintenance of personal discipline) are major performance components of every job. Local Studies Locally, Balantac (1977) appraised the quality of the performance of women agriculture teachers in Los Baà ±os, Laguna as perceived by the administrators, students, and by themselves. Specifically, the objectives were: (1) to determine the personal characteristics of women agriculture teachers; (2) to ascertain the job performance of women agriculture teachers as perceived by administrators, students, and the women agriculture themselves; (3) to determine the relationship between selected personal factors and job performance of women agriculture teachers, and; (4) to find out the relationship between selected job-related factors and job performance of women agriculture teachers. The data were collected with the use of an interview schedule. The findings showed that those who had rural backgrounds, had advanced masteral units, exposed to training programs, had lighter workloads, and were more satisfied in their jobs tended to exhibit high performance. Niones (2001) studied the factors affecting job performance of the employees of the UP Diliman School of Economics. The factors were age, sex, civil status, salary, address, educational attainment, tardiness, hours-lost, rated by administrative offices, rated by faculty, librarian, and supervisor. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine which of the factors have a positive and negative relationship, and how significant are their effects on the job performance of the staff. Results of the study showed that tardiness, salary, and hours lost have a significant effect on performance. An examination of the relationship between educational qualifications and the job performance of librarians in public and private schools in Los Baà ±os, Laguna was the study conducted by Tasarra (2005). The main objective of this research was to examine the relationship between the educational and professional qualifications and job performance of public and private school librarians in Los Baà ±os. The study used descriptive methods with the questionnaire as the primary research tool. Findings of the study showed that the job performance of librarians with Library Science units are 1.11 times more likely to be competent than those with no Library Science units. However, librarians with either a librarians certification or teachers certification are 1.25 times more likely to be competent than those without licenses. D. Job Stress and Job Performance Foreign Studies Jamal (1985) examined the relationship between job stress and job performance among managers and blue-collar workers. Four types of relationships were proposed between job stress and performance: (1) curvilinear/U-shaped, (2) negative linear, (3) positive linear, and (4) no relationship between stress and performance. A random sample of 283 blue-collar and 227 managerial workers employed in a large Canadian organization were surveyed in questionnaires. Measurement was made of variables relating to job stress, job performance, and organizational commitment. Results showed a primarily negative linear relationship between job stress and measures of job performance. Limited support was seen for curvilinear or no relationship. No support was found for the positive. Mathur et al. (2007) looked at the effects of stress on the performance of the employees working in different manufacturing organizations. The study also tried to find out the underlying factor responsible for stress as well as does stress affect the performance of the employees on the job. Data were collected from 110 higher and middle level employees through two separate questionnaires. First one was pertaining to stress and the second one was pertaining to job performance. The results came out with factors such as organizational culture, role conflict, and responsibility were responsible for stress. Regression analysis was used to check the effect of stress on job performance and it was found out that stress has an effect on job performance and job performance increases with the increase in stress. Park (2007) investigated the levels, sources, and effects of work stress on job performance of different socio-demographic and occupational groups of Canadian workers. A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis was applied to examine how work stress factors were associated with productivity. On the other hand, multivariate techniques were used to control for employment characteristics and protective factors such as social support and individual coping behaviors. To account for survey design effects, the bootstrap technique was used to estimate coefficients of variation and p-values and to perform significant test. Findings of the study revealed that work stress factors have significant cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with job performance. Kazmi, Amjad and Khan (2008) investigated the effect of job stress on job performance of medical house officers of District Abbottabad. The data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearmans correlation, and multiple regression. Results of the study showed that there is an inverse relationship between job stress and job performance indicating that there is high job stress in the house officers, resulting in low job performance. Ongori and Agolla (2008) studied occupational stress and its effect on organizational performance of employees working in public sector organizations in Botswana. The data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 15.0 and the use of simple descriptive statistics. To facilitate the analysis, the instrument used to analyze data on causes, symptoms, effects, and interventions were measured using Likerts scale. The findings of this study showed that 68% of the respondents agreed that they work below par when they experience stress, while 24% of the respondents disagreed with the statement. Local Studies In the Philippines, studies were undertaken to identify work-related factor that affect stress which in turn affect job performance. Cardona (1991) sought to determine the sources of job stress of school administrators in the Division of North Samar in relation to their job performance. Stress was defined as non specific human relations to environmental stimuli. The hypothetico-deductive type of research was employed using a stress questionnaire and the Performance Appraisal System. Mean, standard deviation, variance and percentage distribution, multiple regression, analysis of variance, and stepwise multiple regression were the statistical treatment used in the study. Findings of the study showed that performance rating was negatively related with environmental stressors while performance rating and position on the other hand, and organizational stressor on the other were positively related. The relationship between job performance and job stressor of school administrator was influenced by such factors as school location, position classification, level of education which the school provides, and civil status of t he respondents. Manansala (2002) determined the level of stress, stressors, and stress management strategies of grade two teachers in District IV-Manila in relation to their job performance for the school year 2000-2001. Stress questionnaires were used to gather data from the respondents and these were processed and analyzed using SPSS for Windows. Weighted mean, standard deviation and Pearson r were the statistical tools employed. Results of the study showed that the level of stress among grade two teachers was significantly related to job stressors and home and family stressors, while the level of stress was not significantly related to job performance. On the other hand, among the stress management strategies used in this study, only turning to religion and seeking social support had significant relationship with job performance. Muyo (2002) studied the factors related to work stress and performance among teachers of Romblon. A questionnaire developed and adapted from existing professional stress literature and various related stress scales was used to gather primary data from the target respondents. The data gathered were processed using SPSS. Appropriate statistical tests like chi-square test (x2), t-test, F- test or analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression correlation were used to test the hypothesis. Results of the study indicated a positive relationship between the teachers level of stress and their performance which imply that the more stress manifestations of the respondents, the higher the performance level. However, the mean performance of the respondents categorized according to age, sex, and educational attainment did not register significant effects on performance. On the other hand, it was found that income, rank, and length of service were significant influencing variables on job performance . Monge (2005) determined the perceived effects of job-related stress on job performance among the teachers in the College of Arts and Letters (CAL) in Bicol University, Legazpi City. His study tried to find out the effect of job-related stress to college teachers as perceived by them in terms of colleagues, job, and work environment; the level of job performance of the respondents with regards to teaching competence, teaching performance, and personal-social qualities; if there was a significant relationship between job-related stress, job performance, and socio-demographic characteristics of college teachers, and; the proposed measures that can be undertaken to modify job-related stress and enhance job performance. This study made use of the descriptive-survey method as the primary structure of the research design in which a questionnaire was the main tool to gather pertinent data. The statistics needed were computed with SPSS 7.5 version. Mean, Pearson r coefficient of correlation, and t-test were the statistical treatment used in the study. Findings of the study revealed that CAL faculty was not much affected by the job-related stressors and they performed well in their job which means that job-related stress can affect job performance. Taniajura (2007) determined the factors related to the job stress and job performance of Technology and Livelihood Education teachers in the Division City Schools, Pasay City. The descriptive method of research was used with the questionnaire as the data gathering instrument. The data were statistically analyzed employing the following statistical treatment: frequency, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and the Pearson product moment correlation. Findings revealed that the personal factors such as the monthly salary, health condition, family condition and the school-environment factors such as workload and working conditions are teachers job stressors. Therefore, the independent variables (teachers job stressors) are significantly related to job stress and performance of technology and Livelihood Education teachers. According to Cardona (1991), Muyo (2002), Mathur et al. (2007) and Taniajura (2007), job stress has a significant relationship with job performance. On the other hand, Jamal (1985), Manansala (2002), Monge (2005), Kazmi, Amjad and Khan (2008) and Ongori and Agolla (2008), revealed that stress has an inverse relationship to job performance. However, according to Park (2007), work stress factors have significant cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with job performance. Likewise, according to the present researcher, stress has a curvilinear/U-shaped relationship with job performance. That is, when the stress is at high and low levels his performance on a given task is lower. But if the stress is at the moderate level, you will be aroused to perform well while not being overstressed and unhappy. This means that either too much stress or too little stress is detrimental to an individuals performance. Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework of the Study One costly result of a mismatch between expectations and reality is a lower level of job performance. Studies indicate that performance reaches an optimal point when stress is at moderate level. The moderate stress is optimal theory (Mattenson and Ivancevich, 1982) presents what is called the inverted-U-stress/performance curve (see Fig.1). It exemplifies that if there is a very little pressure on individual to perform any task, then performance will be low. However, when there is too much stress, performance will be low also. Either too much stress or too little stress will detract the individual to perform well. High Level of Performance Low Low High Level of Stress Figure1. The Inverted U-stress/performance Source: Mattenson and Ivancevich 1982, p.46 However, at the moderate level of stress, there is an area of best performance which the individual has enough pressure to focus on his task and perform well. The research paradigm (see Fig. 2) shows the relationship of the independent and dependent variables of the study. The job-related stressors and level of stress are independent variables while job performance is the dependent variable. The socio-demographic characteristics are the intervening variables of the study. This study is based on the assumption that job-related stressors influence the level of stress of public library staff and that the job-related stressors may be influenced by the intervening variables which may impede stress. On the other hand, it was presumed that the level of stress and certain intervening variables affect job performance. The variables of the study are the following: A. Independent Variables 1. Job-related stressors This study adapted the job-related stressors cited by Ivancevich and Mattenson (1982, 1990) and Ivancevich, Konopaske and Mattenson (2008). They are described as follows: Physical environment stressors: These include the working condition in the library such as inadequate office space, crowding and lack of privacy in shared offices, inadequate lighting, noise, and extreme temperature in the workplace. Individual stressors: These include role conflict, role ambiguity, work overload, work under load, and time pressures. Group stressors: These include managerial behavior, inadequate group support, interpersonal demands, and lack

Friday, January 17, 2020

Love symbol Essay

1.1. Background of the Study Most people say love is a gift something beautiful from God. Love is a symbol about the feeling each individual. Deal with their couple, deal with their family, their children, and their friend. In the most stories, a man who falls in love with a woman will sacrifice everything he can, also with a woman, when a woman falls in love with a man will sacrifice everything she can. Not only about relationship between woman and man need sacrifice for a love, but also in family’s relationship needed. For example love and care of parents to her or his kids is always all the way. Based on my opinion that love is like a knife with two eyes, the right side can make a happiness, and the left side can make a sadness. The happiness moment of love is when two people allied in marriages. Two people with different personality become a one. The sadness moment is when two people in marriage decide to divorce, it makes very hurt, not only for two people who had, but it hurt to her and his kids. Those problems might come from external factors, such as the couple’s disagreement over some things, personal jealously, anxiety, distrust, etc. Sometimes, a person even has to sacrifice his or her own happiness for his or her lovers. This shows that love can be such a powerful of wonderful love, and can make painful, most people called it love. Based on the statement above love can also be found in one of Nicholas Sparks novel, the title is The Last Song. The Story tells about starts with Ronnie. She is a rebellious child who has taken the company of wrong kind of friends. It is because she has never been able to come out of her parent’s divorce and have bitter feelings about it. Her life has never been the same. After her parents divorced and her father moved to North Carolina, Ronnie distanced herself from her father and gave up music. Music was the thing that she had grown up learning from her father but now it was another source of stirring up bad memories. Three years later, on her father’s request, Ronnie and her brother, Jonah is sent to North Carolina to spend the summer with their father. Resentful and rebellious, Ronnie rejects her father’s attempts to reach out to her and threatens to return to New York before the summer’s end. It is during this summer that Ronnie meets Will and Blaze and Marcus. After a disgusting episode with Marcus and Blaze, things starts changing in  her life for the good. She finds herself falling for Will, opening herself up to the greatest happiness – and pain – that she has ever known. Her strained relationship with her father starts healing slowly and gradually the bond is restored. All the characters seem real and are well defined. As Ronnie’s life changes, the readers can feel the way she matures from a rebellious teenager to a young woman of substance. Jona, He is intelligent, adorable and a witty child and the way he cares for his father and sister is simp ly moving. Steve, too as a father does his best to spend meaningful time with his children. His unconditional love for his children, patience with Ronnie and his belief in her and finally his love for music is remarkable. Forgiveness is the key to happiness. Life is too short to hold grudges against others. So, forgive and forget and move forward in life. Based on the website of Nicholas Sparks this story is told about love and family. As we know that the Nicholas Sparks’s works always tell about romantic and love. Nicholas Sparks was born on December 31, 1965, in Omaha, Nebraska. He graduated from the University of Notre Dame in 1998. He lives in North Carolina with his wife who accompanies him for 13 years. Nicholas Sparks graduated in 1984 as a valedictorian from Bella Vista High school. The first work of Nicholas Sparks is The Notebook, the novel was published in October 1996 and made the New York Times best seller list. With the success of his first novel he wrote several international bestsellers, one of is The Last Song, it was published on 2010. The Last Song is interesting to analyze particularly from intrinsic factors and the elements of conflict on the main character’s life. T he conflict starts from when Ronnie’s parents decide to divorce. Firstly Ronnie love playing music, after her parents divorce Ronnie dislike to play music, and he hate her father so much. One day, in summer Ronnie and her brother visit to her father’s house. She ignored her father. But soon Ronnie meets Will, the last person she thought she’d never be attracted to, and finds herself falling for him, opening her self up to the greatest happiness and pain that she has ever known. New Criticism theory is appropriate to use in this study to analyze Love and Song influence in Ronnie’s life. 1.2. Statement of the Problems Based on the background of the study above, there are several research questions have to discussed in this thesis, which are: a. How are Love and Song influence of Ronnie’s life in this novel ? b. How are Love and Song created conflict on the plot of the story in this novel? 1.3. Objective of the Study Based on the statements of the problem above, the writer’s purpose are analysis to clear out about: a. The effect of song and love in Ronnie’s life can changes her opinion b. love and song through conflicts elements in this novel 1.4. Significance of the Study In the English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Airlangga University, Surabaya, especially who are studying in literature class got some theory to write on thesis writing. Some theory are pschoanalytic criticism, marxist criticism, feminist criticism, new criticism, structuralist criticism, and etc. In this thesis writing the writer use and focused in New Criticism theory application. New Criticism theory application is about analysis of words, figures of speech and dictions. Intrinsic elements such as characterization, plot, and setting. In this thesis the writer analysis about the conflict of the plot in this story. How love and song influence the main character’s life. The Last Song give us about the effect on the power of love and song can changes the personality of the main character. As we know that the Nicholas Spark’s works, mostly genre about romantic (love). 1.5. Scope and Limitation The novel is analyzed from the text it self, which include the analysis on conflict of plot and elements particularly of the main character it self. This analysis does not discuss about other elements, or anything out from this novel. 1.6. Theoretical Background This thesis has a aim to analyze the love and song can give effect to Ronnie in The Last Song. The writer analyzes the conflict of the plot and the elements character in this novel, the writer uses New Criticism theory to get the more understanding about the problem of the analysis. It is a method of analyzing a text, in this case, a novel, based on the text itself without  adaption any other outside theories. All of elements found in a text are from the main idea represented by the text. New Criticism Theory itself talks about a theory which concerns on text only, without seeing who is the writer’s background of the text, as Tyson (2006) said that â€Å"some of its most important concepts concerning the nature and importance of textual evidence -the use of concrete, specific examples from the text itself to validate our interpretations- have been incorporated into the way most literary critics today, regardless of their theoretical persuasion, support their readings of lit erature.† Secondly, close reading is used to interpret or analyse the text, it means that New Criticism Theory has a new critic to analyse the text itself by using â€Å"close reading† as a point. Thirdly, New Criticism Theory as an imaginative literature in analysing a literary text which called an aesthetic experience is about something that can lead us as a reader to be the truth, as Bressler (2007) said that â€Å"Aesthetic Experience talks about (i.e., the effects produced on an individual when contemplating a work of art) that can lead the truth.† Fourthly, New Criticism Theory is about the author’s intention to make its interpret, as Tyson said that â€Å"New Criticism Theory knows on author’s intention which called ‘intentional fallacy’ to refer to the mistaken belief that the author’s intention is the same as the text’s meaning. Besides intentional fallacy, there is also affective fallacy means that it focuses on the text with its effects.† Fifthly, New Criticism Theory has formal elements or figurative language in analysing a literary text after â€Å"closely read,† there are images, symbol, metaphors, rhyme, meter, point of view, setting, characterization, and plot. Besides formal elements, literary language also one of formal elements, as Tyson (2006) said that â€Å"Literary Language, in contrast, depends on connotation: on the implication, association, suggestion, and evocation of meanings and of shades of meaning, in addition, literary language is expressive: it communicates tone, attitude, and feeling.† Sixthly, New Criticism Theory is also as â€Å"a play on words† which means that the words that exist on literary texts have multiple meanings. As Tyson said that â€Å"new criticism, the complexity of a text is created by the multiple and often conflicting meanings woven th rough it, and these meanings are primarily of four kinds of linguistic devices: (1) Paradox is thus responsible for much of the complexity of human experience and of the literature that portrays  it. (2) Irony means that a statement or event undermined by the context in which it occurs. (3) Ambiguity occurs when a word or event generates two or more different meanings. (4) Tension is created by the integration of the abstract and the concrete, of general ideas embodied in specific images.† 1.7. Method of the Study Write this thesis, firstly the writer reads the novel title The Last Song on a long times. The first time when read this novel, the writer get a general imagination of the all cintent of the novel. After the writer read the novel until finished, the writer get a technique to analyze the novel. She chosen base theory, that is New Criticism. The writer focuses analyze about the conflict in every plot’s the main character. The writer analyze about the influence love and song give effeect in the main character’s life. The writer also searching on the google to get more information about the novel and the New Criticism theory. She also consult with her lecture, and visit on the library books to get more information and collect the theory of New Crticism to doing her thesis analyze The Last Song. 1.8. Definition of Key Term Love: love is like a knife with two eyes, the right side can make a happiness,and the left side can make a sadness Effect: the impact of some happening in our life Song: Music can represented how people falls, which is her or his sad or happy CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW The theory that will be used in analyzing the text is New Criticism. As stated by Tyson, New Criticism’s purpose in an analysis is to reveal the true meaning of the text itself. Since this theory is based on the text itself, New Criticism’s main focus is toward the formal elements of the text which forms the organic unity of the text (Tyson 136). 2.1 New Criticism New criticism is one of literary approaches which is commonly used to interpret the meaning of a literary work. New criticism begin in the 1940s  through 1960s, in that era, this method of analysis became popular in the most high school and college literature classes. This approach concerns with close reading, a technique that focus on the elements of a literary work. In a literary work, the elements can be tone, point of view, and any other poetic device that will help the reader understand the overall meaning of a literary work. Formal elements determine what a text contains, since text or literary works uses language in order to express its meaning. In literary work, the language that the author uses in explaining the story of a poem or play is different from the language that people found in their everyday life. In everyday life, we often found scientific language which means that the language is easy to understand and to the point of what it means. On the other hand, literary work use figurative language since a one word can have more than one meaning. As an important part of formal elements, figurative language carries images, symbols, metaphor and similes. This is where figurative language becomes an important part of formal elements because it carries images, symbols, metaphor, and similes in its language (Tyson 141). 2.2 Setting Setting is a physical details of the place, the time, and the social context that influence the actions of the characters in a literary work. Often setting also evokes a mood or atmosphere, foreshadowing event to come. Setting is the time and place of a story. Vivid settings give a story reality; they give readers a sense of being there. Playwrights build themes into their plays through the development and interrelationship of all elements of drama, most of which are the same as for fiction. Three methods of developing theme, however, are particularly noteworthy: repetitions, symbols, and contrasts. All three lend themselves well to drama (Griffith 71): Repetitions can take many forms- a character’s performing the same gesture over and over again, repeating the same phrase stating the same idea, or appearing at regular intervals. Symbolism can enrich setting; but, in fact, symbolism bears on both characterization and theme as well. Then contrast is a device for developing not just theme but characterization and plot as well, and contrast usually bears on all three. 2.3 Plot Plot gives an order to the events that the character in the text faces and focuses on conflicts. Events require the interaction between a character’s oneself or an interaction with another character. The conflicts itself are what the characters must face in a story and need to be resolved. There are elements that make the plot become interesting: introduction (where the character and the story are introduced), rising action, conflict (the struggle that grows out of the of the interplay of two opposing forces in a plot), climax (the highest point of interest in the story or the point which readers learn how the conflict is resolved), falling action, and denouement (the ending of the story). There are many types of plot, such as dramatic plot, episodic plot, parallel plot, and cumulative plot. 2.4 Character Character is a person in a narrative works such as novel, play or drama, and film. Characters in a drama can be different from each other, it means that each character has its own characterization. Characterization is a process of how a character is depicted in a literary work, the aspect of characterization need to be taken in account to illustrate the characters of a story, for example how characters behave or how they act in a certain situation they are in. There are some types of the characters in a drama, such as protagonist (the best actor who got the principal part), euteragonist (the second best actor), antagonist (the character who rivals with other character, mostly involve in a conflict), and the last one is stereotype or stock character (a character who reappears in various forms in many plays). CHAPTER III ANALYSIS Love and song through conflicts Fristly the writer explain about love. Love is a symbol about the feeling each individual. Deal with their couple, deal with their family, their children, and their friend. In the most stories, a man who falls in love with a woman will sacrifice everything he can, also with a woman, when a woman falls in love with a man will sacrifice everything she can. Not only about relationship between woman and man need sacrifice for a love, in family’s relationship needed too. For example love and care of parents to her or his kids is always all the way. Based on my opinion that love is  like a knife with two eyes, the right side can make a happiness, and the left side can make a sadness. The happiness moment of love is when two people allied in marriages. Two people with different personality become a one. The sadness moment is when two people in marriage decide to divorce, it makes very hurt, not only for two people who had, but it hurt to her and his kids. Those problems might come from external factors, such as the couple’s disagreement over some things, personal jealously, anxiety, distrust, etc. Sometimes, a person even has to sacrifice his or her own happiness for his or her lovers. This shows that love can be such a powerful of wonderful love, and can make painful, most people called it love. Song is one of expression about somebody who want to show that her or his feeling. In this novel Ronnie’s father like playing piano to show his feeling about his condition. Before divorce, he always played music with Ronnie, but after divorce he play music without Ronnie, because Ronnie now hate play music. Even Ronnie didn’t play piano, in deepest her feeling, she want to play piano. Ronnie Miller, portrays a rebellious teenager who lives in New York City and is forced to move in with her father for the summer in Tybee Island, Georgia. She hates him after her parents’ divorce and hasn’t talked to him for th ree years. Her father taught her how to play the piano and she loved it. Ever since the divorce, she refuses to play. Ronnie was accepted to Juliard School for the fall, but she refuses to attend. Before she arrived to Georgia, she was miserable, hostile, and defensive towards everyone around her. Ronnie has a serious attitude and she was not being nice to her father. The conflict is when Ronnie’s parents divorce, she hate her father. She always ignore her father. The statement that she hate her father. â€Å" I don’t ant to see and talk to him.† Ronnie said. (the last song 11) The conversation is when her mother talk to Ronnie, that Ronnie and her brother will spend the summer holiday in her father house. The main conflict why Ronnie hate her father is when her grandfather passed away is changes her father. Ronnie’s father quit his position at Juilliard, and year after that he’d decided to try his luck as a concert pianist. Then three years ago her father and her mother decided to divorce, and his father moved back to his home town. Before her parrents divorce, Ro nnie like playing piano, but after her parents divorce she stop playing piano. â€Å"Ronnie hated the piano and swore she’d never play again a decision even some of her  oldest friends thought was strange, since it had been a major part of her life for as long as she’d known them.† (the last song 12) Love changes Ronnie’s Character The first day at her father’s house, Ronnie met Will Blakelee. She crashed into him at his volleyball game and he accidentally spilled her milkshake all over her. Ronnie ignores him even though he was handsome, rich, and popular. The writer assumed that of this text is to think that no matter what happens, you will always end up with your true love in the end. Despite the arguments and different values one may share, it is the thought of first love that will bring you together and help that irresistible bond last forever. The text encourages us all to believe that in every hard time in our lives, we will be rescued by a gorgeous, strong, wealthy man who has nothing less in his heart but the idea to sweep you off your feet at every moment. It is giving every young woman the idea that they don’t have to go out and work hard to find the perfect man because at some point he is going to bump right into you at the beach and you will be in love from then on. The values and cha racteristics, besides the ones on the outside, don’t matter to Ronnie and Will. They are infatuated with each other after spending one summer together. The oppositional reading refuses to explain the unrealistic hopes and expectations it sends out to the viewers. The two young lovers jump right into love within seconds of meeting each other. The first meeting was completely unrealistic because it was just an event based on being in the right place at the right time. They have major class differences and many issues that they didn’t deal with together. The idea that Will was able to change Ronnie from a rebel to a saint in two days could not have been done so easily. In this novel, Ronnie’s father tells Will â€Å"I would be able to help you if I understood the mind of a woman†. It is hard to believe that an 18 year-old boy would be able to understand a woman, but an older, wiser, divorced adult does not. We can not mindlessly accept the idea that your perfect partner is cosmically predestined, so nothing/nobody can ultimately separate you be cause there are many events that can separate a couple. When Ronnie stay at her father’s house, firstly Ronnie ignore her father, but after Ronnie meet someone who makes Ronnie fall in love, step by step she changes her mind preseption to her father. Would Ronnie have been interested in Will if he was shorter, poorer, weaker, and younger than her? Wills rescue of Ronnie was based on his strength and his ability to love her. What would Will have offered to Ronnie if he didn’t have the characteristics of being rich, older, stronger, and taller? Also, do you really think it is realistic for Will to be able to change Ronnie’s rebellious ways instantly? She went from being a rebellious, angry teen who was caught for shoplifting back at home in New York City and â€Å"hated† her father, to a beautiful, respectful young woman who loved her father and only does good things. This is something that can’t be changed within days of meeting a good-looking man.